Kings of Macedon, Philip II, 359-336 BC, Tetradrachm ca. 342-337 BC, Pella

Issued at Pella - the political and cultural centre of the Macedonian kingdom - in the 4th century BC, this coin is emblematic of one of the most transformative periods of the ancient Greek world. During these years, Philip II raised Macedon from a provincial frontier into a major power, unifying the kingdom under military rule and establishing the foundations of an empire that would be carried to unprecedented heights by his son, Alexander the Great. Coinage in particular served as a crucial instrument in establishing his authority. Here, the commanding portrait of Zeus confirms the divine nature of Philip’s newfound power. Transported in the pockets of merchants, soldiers and officials, these coins broadcast Philip’s expanding influence even to the most distant corners of the Mediterranean.

This increasing political power also fostered new artistic achievements, which are similarly embodied in this coin. The masterfully engraved and exceptionally high-relief portrait of Philip, with its detailed hairstyle and sculptural modelling, presents a particularly fine example of the type, and a testament to the heights achieved by die engravers of the period.